Skip to main content

Court to Kansas group: ‘No, school science curriculum is not unconstitutional’

script reduces school papework smartphone in classroom
Syda Productions
Thwarting a Kansas group comprised of parents and students that opposed the state’s adoption of a national science curriculum, a federal court has upheld a lower court’s ruling on a case involving the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Back in 2013, the Citizens for Objective Public Education (COPE), a religiously oriented group, sued to block the curriculum, claiming that the new standards constituted a form of “religious indoctrination.” According to COPE, NGSS’s failure to include a religious basis for the origins of life and the universe makes the curriculum unsuitable for the classroom.

COPE’s lawsuit hinged upon the notion that the scientific view promoted by the NGSS curriculum is tacitly anti-religious, thereby violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. By not mentioning God’s involvement in the beginning of mankind, COPE says, Kansas schools are instead advancing a non-religious standard, “establishing” a non-religion. The Tenth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver, however, rejected this claim.

Recommended Videos

“COPE does not offer any facts to support the conclusion that the Standards condemn any religion or send a message of endorsement,” the court concluded. “And any fear of biased instruction is premised on COPE’s predictions of school districts’ responses to the Standards — an attempt by COPE to recast a future injury as a present one.”

The federal court also noted that a previous Supreme Court decision doled out in 1987 in Edwards v. Aguillard eliminated the need to teach creationism in classrooms.

NGSS has already been implemented in 18 states (including Kansas), and draws support from numerous national organizations, including the National Research Council, National Science Teachers Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Lulu Chang
Former Digital Trends Contributor
Fascinated by the effects of technology on human interaction, Lulu believes that if her parents can use your new app…
How to change margins in Google Docs
Laptop Working from Home

When you create a document in Google Docs, you may need to adjust the space between the edge of the page and the content --- the margins. For instance, many professors have requirements for the margin sizes you must use for college papers.

You can easily change the left, right, top, and bottom margins in Google Docs and have a few different ways to do it.

Read more
What is Microsoft Teams? How to use the collaboration app
A close-up of someone using Microsoft Teams on a laptop for a videoconference.

Online team collaboration is the new norm as companies spread their workforce across the globe. Gone are the days of primarily relying on group emails, as teams can now work together in real time using an instant chat-style interface, no matter where they are.

Using Microsoft Teams affords video conferencing, real-time discussions, document sharing and editing, and more for companies and corporations. It's one of many collaboration tools designed to bring company workers together in an online space. It’s not designed for communicating with family and friends, but for colleagues and clients.

Read more
Microsoft Word vs. Google Docs
A person using a laptop that displays various Microsoft Office apps.

For the last few decades, Microsoft Word has been the de facto standard for word processors across the working world. That's finally starting to shift, and it looks like one of Google's productivity apps is the heir apparent. The company's Google Docs solution (or to be specific, the integrated word processor) is cross-platform and interoperable, automatically syncs, is easily shareable, and perhaps best of all, is free.

However, using Google Docs proves it still has a long way to go before it can match all of Word's features -- Microsoft has been developing its word processor for over 30 years, after all, and millions still use Microsoft Word. Will Google Docs' low barrier to entry and cross-platform functionality win out? Let's break down each word processor in terms of features and capabilities to help you determine which is best for your needs.
How does each word processing program compare?
To put it lightly, Microsoft Word has an incredible advantage over Google Docs in terms of raw technical capability. From relatively humble beginnings in the 1980s, Microsoft has added new tools and options in each successive version. Most of the essential editing tools are available in Google Docs, but users who are used to Word will find it limited.

Read more